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11 WORLD GASTROENTEROLOGY NEWS JULY 2014 Editorial | Expert Point of View | WDHD News | WGO & WGOF News | WGO Global Guidelines | Calendar of Events 13. Cotillard A, Kennedy SP, Kong LC, Prifti E, Pons N, Le Chatelier E, et al. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness. Nature. 2013;500(7464):585-8. Epub 2013/08/30. 14. Blaut M, Klaus S. Intestinal microbiota and obesity. Hand-book of experimental pharmacol-ogy. 2012(209):251-73. Epub 2012/01/18. 15. Tang WH, Wang Z, Levison BS, Koeth RA, Britt EB, Fu X, et al. Intestinal microbial metabo-lism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk. The New England journal of medicine. 2013;368(17):1575-84. Epub 2013/04/26. 16. Guarner F. What is the role of the enteric commensal flora in IBD? Inflammatory bowel diseases. 2008;14 Suppl 2:S83-4. Epub 2008/09/26. 17. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez- Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory com-mensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2008;105(43):16731-6. Epub 2008/10/22. 18. Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feld-man RA, Boedeker EC, Harpaz N, Pace NR. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial com-munity imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Pro-ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104(34):13780-5. Epub 2007/08/19. 19. Mayer EA, Savidge T, Shul-man RJ. Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterol-ogy. 2014;146(6):1500-12. Epub 2014/03/04. 20. Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nature reviews Genetics. 2012;13(4):260-70. Epub 2012/03/14. 21. WGO Practice Guideline - Pro-biotics and Prebiotics. http:// www.worldgastroenterology.org/ probiotics-prebiotics.html. 22. Coppa GV, Bruni S, Morelli L, Soldi S, Gabrielli O. The first prebiotics in humans: human milk oligosaccharides. Journal of clini-cal gastroenterology. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S80-3. Epub 2004/06/29. 23. Landy J, Al-Hassi HO, McLaugh-lin SD, Walker AW, Ciclitira PJ, Nicholls RJ, et al. Review article: faecal transplantation therapy for gastrointestinal disease. Alimen-tary pharmacology & therapeu-tics. 2011;34(4):409-15. Epub 2011/06/21. 24. Relman DA. Microbial genom-ics and infectious diseases. The New England journal of medi-cine. 2011;365(4):347-57. Epub 2011/07/29. Glossary Dysbiosis: An imbalance of the nor-mal gut microbiota composition. Enterotype: A classification of the human gut microbial communities into three groups or types, on the basis of the bacteriological compo-sition of the ecosystem (diversity and abundance of the predomi-nant genera). Metagenome: The total genetic con-tent of the combined genomes of the constituents of an ecological community. Metagenomics: The study of all the genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples by-passing the need to isolate and culture individual community members. Microbiome: The collective genome of the microbial symbionts in a host animal. Microbiota: The collection of micro-bial communities colonizing a particular ecological niche. Phylotype: A microbial group defined by 16S rRNA sequence similar-ity rather than by phenotypic characteristics. A similarity of 97% indicates approximately a species-level. Symbionts: The microbial partners in symbiosis. Symbiosis: Close and persistent inter-actions between living organisms of different species. Biological interactions may be mutualistic (both partners derive a benefit), commensalistic (one partner ben-efits without affecting the other), or parasitic (one benefits while the other is harmed). Most scientists believe that the term symbiosis should only refer to mutualistic relationships.


ewgn-vol19-issue2-FINAL
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