WGO Graded Evidence: Strategies for Reducing the Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance

Level: Meta-analyses, Systematic reviews, Practice guidelines: 46 Abstracts

Legend:   : Special Mention  : Important  : Very Important  : Key Development
	Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management. AS Lok, F Zoulim, S Locarnini, A Bartholomeusz, MG Ghany, JM Pawlotsky, YF Liaw, M Mizokami, C Kuiken, Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance Working Group, Hepatology. 2007 Jul:254-65
	Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori. N Vakil, F Megraud, Gastroenterology. 2007 Sep:985-1001
	Drug targets and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in chronic hepatitis B. M Ghany, TJ Liang, Gastroenterology. 2007 Apr:1574-85
	Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B. RJ Colonno, R Rose, CJ Baldick, S Levine, K Pokornowski, CF Yu, A Walsh, J Fang, M Hsu, C Mazzucco, B Eggers, S Zhang, M Plym, K Klesczewski, DJ Tenney, Hepatology. 2006 Dec:1656-65
	Iron depletion by phlebotomy improves insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperferritinemia: evidence from a case-control study. L Valenti, AL Fracanzani, P Dongiovanni, E Bugianesi, G Marchesini, P Manzini, E Vanni, S Fargion, Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun:1251-8
	Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop. JH Hoofnagle, E Doo, TJ Liang, R Fleischer, AS Lok, Hepatology. 2007 Apr:1056-75
	Serum HBV RNA is a predictor of early emergence of the YMDD mutant in patients treated with lamivudine. T Hatakeyama, C Noguchi, N Hiraga, N Mori, M Tsuge, M Imamura, S Takahashi, Y Kawakami, Y Fujimoto, H Ochi, H Abe, T Maekawa, H Kawakami, H Yatsuji, Y Aisaka, H Kohno, S Aimitsu, K Chayama, Hepatology. 2007 May:1179-86
	The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. G Lutchman, A Modi, DE Kleiner, K Promrat, T Heller, M Ghany, B Borg, R Loomba, TJ Liang, A Premkumar, JH Hoofnagle, Hepatology. 2007 Aug:424-9
	Absence of association between the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene and inflammatory bowel disease. LE Oostenbrug, G Dijkstra, IM Nolte, HM van Dullemen, E Oosterom, KN Faber, DJ de Jong, K van der Linde, GJ te Meerman, G van der Steege, JH Kleibeuker, PL Jansen, Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006 Oct:1174-82
	Adalimumab in patients with Crohn's disease--safety and efficacy in an open-label single centre study. J Seiderer, S Brand, J Dambacher, S Pfennig, M Jurgens, B G&oeig;ke, T Ochsenkuhn, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Apr 1:787-96
	Dynamic hepatitis C virus genotypic and phenotypic changes in patients treated with the protease inhibitor telaprevir. C Sarrazin, TL Kieffer, D Bartels, B Hanzelka, U Muh, M Welker, D Wincheringer, Y Zhou, HM Chu, C Lin, C Weegink, H Reesink, S Zeuzem, AD Kwong, Gastroenterology. 2007 May:1767-77
	Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil 20 mg daily in HBeAg-positive patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus and a suboptimal virological response to adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg daily. C Hézode, S Chevaliez, M Bouvier-Alias, F Roudot-Thoraval, R Brillet, ES Zafrani, D Dhumeaux, JM Pawlotsky, J Hepatol. 2007 May:791-6
	Fibrosis in genotype 3 chronic hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Role of insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. E Bugianesi, G Marchesini, E Gentilcore, IH Cua, E Vanni, M Rizzetto, J George, Hepatology. 2006 Dec:1648-55
	Hepatic iron accumulation is associated with disease progression and resistance to interferon/ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C. N Fujita, R Sugimoto, N Urawa, J Araki, R Mifuji, M Yamamoto, S Horiike, H Tanaka, M Iwasa, Y Kobayashi, Y Adachi, M Kaito, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov:1886-93
	Hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside naive patients: Does it exist? F Zoulim, Hepatology. 2006 Dec:1404-7
	Insulin resistance in hepatocytes and sinusoidal liver cells: mechanisms and consequences. IA Leclercq, A Da Silva Morais, B Schroyen, N Van Hul, A Geerts, J Hepatol. 2007 Jul:142-56
	Lamivudine resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B: role of clinical and virological factors. AJ Thompson, A Ayres, L Yuen, A Bartholomeusz, DS Bowden, DM Iser, RY Chen, B Demediuk, G Shaw, SJ Bell, KJ Watson, SA Locarnini, PV Desmond, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jul:1078-85
	Multidrug resistance gene-1 polymorphisms and resistance to cyclosporine A in patients with steroid resistant ulcerative colitis. F Daniel, MA Loriot, P Seksik, J Cosnes, JM Gornet, M Lémann, F Fein, G Vernier-Massouille, M De Vos, A Boureille, X Treton, B Flourié, X Roblin, E Louis, F Zerbib, P Beaune, P Marteau, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jan:19-23
	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects. PM Gholam, L Flancbaum, JT Machan, DA Charney, DP Kotler, Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb:399-408
	Obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. SE Shoelson, L Herrero, A Naaz, Gastroenterology. 2007 May:2169-80
	Post-load insulin resistance is an independent predictor of hepatic fibrosis in virus C chronic hepatitis and in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. G Svegliati-Baroni, E Bugianesi, T Bouserhal, F Marini, F Ridolfi, F Tarsetti, F Ancarani, E Petrelli, E Peruzzi, M Lo Cascio, M Rizzetto, G Marchesini, A Benedetti, Gut. 2007 Sep:1296-301
	Pre- and post-treatment predictors of the early achievement of HBeAg loss in lamivudine-resistant patients receiving adefovir therapy. JW Jang, MS Kim, SY Lee, CW Kim, SH Bae, JY Choi, SB Cha, SK Yoon, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jul:1092-7
	Predictive value of mucosal TNF-alpha transcripts in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapy. C Schmidt, T Giese, E Hermann, S Zeuzem, SC Meuer, A Stallmach, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jan:65-70
	Prospective multicentre study on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains obtained from children living in Europe. S Koletzko, F Richy, P Bontems, J Crone, N Kalach, ML Monteiro, F Gottrand, D Celinska-Cedro, E Roma-Giannikou, G Orderda, S Kolacek, P Urruzuno, MJ Martínez-Gómez, T Casswall, M Ashorn, H Bodanszky, F Mégraud, Gut. 2006 Dec:1711-6
	Reduction of hepatosteatosis and lipid levels by an adipose differentiation-related protein antisense oligonucleotide. Y Imai, GM Varela, MB Jackson, MJ Graham, RM Crooke, RS Ahima, Gastroenterology. 2007 May:1947-54
	Sustained virological response in hepatitis C virus type 1b infected patients is predicted by the number of mutations within the NS5A-ISDR: a meta-analysis focused on geographical differences. M Pascu, P Martus, M H&oeig;hne, B Wiedenmann, U Hopf, E Schreier, T Berg, Gut. 2004 Sep:1345-51
	The role of screening and antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of percutaneous gastrostomy site infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. S Thomas, S Cantrill, DJ Waghorn, A McIntyre, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Mar 1:593-7
	Treatment of ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy by oral microemulsion cyclosporine (Neoral). A Weber, F Fein, S Koch, AC Dupont-Gossart, G Mantion, B Heyd, F Carbonnel, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Dec:1131-5
	A population-based study of the frequency of corticosteroid resistance and dependence in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Tung, EV Loftus Jr, DK Freese, M El-Youssef, AR Zinsmeister, LJ Melton 3rd, WS Harmsen, WJ Sandborn, WA Faubion Jr, Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Dec:1093-100
	Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine for three months in patients with lamivudine resistant compensated chronic hepatitis B. M Akyildiz, F Gunsar, G Ersoz, Z Karasu, T Ilter, Y Batur, U Akarca, Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Dec:3444-7
	Early virological suppression is associated with good maintained response to adefovir dipivoxil in lamivudine resistant chronic hepatitis B. HL Chan, VW Wong, CH Tse, AM Chim, HY Chan, GL Wong, JJ Sung, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Apr 15:891-8
	High prevalence and level of resistance to metronidazole, but lack of resistance to other antimicrobials in Helicobacter pylori, isolated from a multiracial population in Kuwait. M John Albert, K Al-Mekhaizeem, L Neil, R Dhar, PM Dhar, M Al-Ali, HM Al-Abkal, S Haridas, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov 1:1359-66
	Identification of a novel class of dithiolethiones that prevent hepatic insulin resistance via the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-p70 ribosomal S6 kinase-1 pathway. EJ Bae, YM Yang, JW Kim, SG Kim, Hepatology. 2007 Sep:730-9
	Insulin resistance and liver injury in hepatitis C is not associated with virus-specific changes in adipocytokines. IH Cua, JM Hui, P Bandara, JG Kench, GC Farrell, GW McCaughan, J George, Hepatology. 2007 Jul:66-73
	Meta-analysis: the effect of antibiotic resistance status on the efficacy of triple and quadruple first-line therapies for Helicobacter pylori. L Fischbach, EL Evans, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug 1:343-57
	Modified allele-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction method for analysis of susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains to clarithromycin. T Furuta, Y Soya, M Sugimoto, N Shirai, A Nakamura, C Kodaira, M Nishino, M Okuda, T Okimoto, K Murakami, T Fujioka, A Hishida, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Nov:1810-5
	Mutation rate of the hepatitis C virus NS5B in patients undergoing treatment with ribavirin monotherapy. G Lutchman, S Danehower, BC Song, TJ Liang, JH Hoofnagle, M Thomson, MG Ghany, Gastroenterology. 2007 May:1757-66
	Primary antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in northern and central Italy. A Zullo, F Perna, C Hassan, C Ricci, I Saracino, S Morini, D Vaira, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jun 15:1429-34
	Resistance rate to antibiotics of Helicobacter pylori isolates in eastern Taiwan. CT Hu, CC Wu, CY Lin, CC Cheng, SC Su, YH Tseng, NT Lin, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 May:720-3
	Review article: steroid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease - mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. TJ Creed, CS Probert, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Jan 15:111-22
	The efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis of a 5-year UK inception cohort. GT Ho, P Chiam, H Drummond, J Loane, ID Arnott, J Satsangi, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Jul 15:319-30
Supplementary evidence:
	Mathematical models for the evaluation of antibiotic resistance in hospitals: a systematic review. S Bonovas, DB Panagiotakos, Ch Vatopoulos, Cent Eur J Public Health. 2003 Dec:229-37
	Methylation of Ras association domain family protein 1, isoform A correlated with proliferation and drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721. QZ Zhao, KF Dou, J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 May:683-9
	Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from cattle farms in Washington State. W Bae, KN Kaya, DD Hancock, DR Call, YH Park, TE Besser, Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jan:169-74
	Review: Clostridium difficile-associated disorders/diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis: the emergence of a more virulent era. P Hookman, JS Barkin, Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Apr:1071-5
	The European Community strategy against antimicrobial resistance. S Bronzwaer, A L&oeig;nnroth, R Haigh, Euro Surveill. 2004 Jan:30-4